Gender of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

King Corn Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ruler Corn Movie - Essay Example The film presents the transformation that has happened during the time spent cultivating, whereby the tractor has supplanted the utilization of ponies to pull the furrow. For this situation, the tractor is one of the types of gear that have been presented during the time spent cultivating. A portion of different angles in cultivating, which are talked about in this narrative, respects the choice by the administration to sponsorships the corn so as to keep their value low. Basically, the little ranchers were offered a low possibility of extending, along these lines prompting noteworthy changes u the nature of corn throughout the years. In addition, the greater part of the creation of corn had been utilized with respect to taking care of creatures and creation of corn syrup, which has nourishing quality in the assembling of nourishments high in an assortment of starch. Along these lines, the new assortment of corn that was presented couldn't be expended before being controlled; in this way ranchers were not, at this point ready to devour the items that they were developing. Some of serious issues introduced in film included the developing and creation of yields that are not consumable by ranchers until they prepared. For this situation, there was an enormous zone in Iowa, where corn was developed on a huge track of land, and this was longer there when Ian Cheney and Curtis Ellis were attempted their investigation. Obviously, as the ranchers kept on understanding the issue of developing corn for being unappetizing until preparing; henceforth, they chose quit developing the yield. Then again, there was another issue, which included the yield being deprived of essential supplements because of hereditary designing so as to encourage expanded populaces of the harvest. For this situation, there... The paper recounts about the story in which two school graduates Ian Cheney and Curtis Ellis contends that they have recognized the centrality of devouring corn. This prompts interest of going in scan for a way they could develop corn. Be that as it may, the two of them follow their family line at a humble community of Iowa, and they settled on a choice to rent a section of land of land, which could empower them attempt their examination. For this situation, the film clarifies that a few families had a similar real estate parcel, and there was a part of chance from the yield size because of the foundation of product cultivating and corruption of item quality. Thusly, their examination and narrative depicted a part of progress and the observation towards corn. Some of serious issues introduced in film included the developing and creation of yields that are not consumable by ranchers until they prepared. For this situation, there was a huge zone in Iowa, where corn was developed on a huge track of land, and this was longer there when Ian Cheney and Curtis Ellis were embraced their trial. The film presents thoughts that corn is the procedure into different items, for example, a sugar and ethanol, creature takes care of, and the corn syrup, which is devoured by a large portion of the Americans in the current days. At long last, Cheney and Ellis understood that their section of land was untraceable because of the greatness of the corn business; truth be told, this sealed government endowments assume a critical job in guaranteeing that corn creation stays productive.

Use These Better Verbs in Academic Writing

Use These Better Verbs in Academic Writing If youre new at academic writing, or simply trying to become a better academic writer, there are a few key elements that you need to focus on to develop your skills. First and foremost, you need to be aware of the ten main features of academic writing and why they should all be present in every scholarly article or essay. These are:Complexityâ€"Academic writing is purposefully more complex than other types of prose. Your word choice should reflect a higher reading level, and its common to incorporate a lot of passive verbs and subordinate clauses.Formalityâ€"Academic writing carries a certain tone of formality and should avoid colloquial language, slang expressions, or extensive use of contractions.Precisionâ€"When youre presenting research, its important to be precise and thorough with your presentation of it. This means that nuances of words are important, and synonyms should be carefully considered to find the best one. This is especially true for verbs, which we will cover later in this article.Objectivityâ€"Scholarly research should be conducted and written objectively, rather than incorporating personal biases and opinions. In such, there will be fewer words that address the reader or refer to the writer; rather, the emphasis will be on the information provided within the essay or article and the clarity of that information.Explicitnessâ€"Your academic writing needs to be explicit and clear, which makes it possible for other researchers to replicate your study or pick up where you left off. This means that vague wording should be avoided and transition words should be incorporated to connect ideas and paragraphs.Accuracyâ€"Since academic writing focuses on established methodologies for research, the words you choose to use need to be accurate. This means that you might need to find words that have narrower meanings that their broader counterparts.Hedgingâ€"This goes along with the idea of avoiding vague writing by making clear assertions. Hedging refers t o having a clear stance on a topic and relating that stance in your writing. If the data you are examining shows patterns, you must clearly state that, even those patterns go against your initial hypothesis. If prior research you are using as sources shows gaps or biases, its important to clearly state that, as well.Responsibilityâ€"Academic writers must, above all else, be responsible. Academic research is conducted and published to help inform everything from legislation to diet to parenting and more. In other words, as a scholarly writer, you have a responsibility to provide accurate information that is as unbiased as humanly possible. If you are using a source to inform your research, you must clearly state that and avoid plagiarism of others ideas.Organizationâ€"Your academic writing must be well organized and logical to ensure your reader understands your research process, your proposed hypotheses, and the conclusions youve drawn from your study.Planningâ€"Research requires ad equate planning and is often conducted in stages that must occur in a certain order, so your academic writing must be well planned. For example, you cant write a review of literature without first finding sources related to your research. Likewise, you cant comment on the biases or gaps that might be present in prior studies if you havent first explored the scope and quality of literature available on a topic.Academic writing requires precision, planning, and focusing on the nuances of verbs. Photo by Robert Bye on Unsplash.Better verbs for better scholarly writingBetween jargon and overused phrasing, and the requirements listed above, academic writing can seem stiff, boring, and repetitive if you read and write enough of it. Scholarly writing can be more limited than other styles of prose, mainly because it needs to maintain an objective point of view, provide clarity on a topic, and be organized in such a way as to allow another researcher to apply the same methodology to replicat e the results.The good news is you dont have to stick with the same, commonly used verbs in your academic writing. In fact, in most situations, there are better, more appropriate verbs that can be used than the ones that are standard across research.Sometimes, a simple thesaurus search can result in replacements and rephrased statements that create a stronger, more nuanced connection or example, which is one of the primary goals of academic writing in the first place. In this way, eliminating weak, overused verbs will make your scholarly writing tighter, less repetitive, and better overall.Lets start first with some commonly used phrases that could have better options. While I dont suggest that you rid your writing of these phrases entirely, make a point to mix it up with stronger alternatives if you find that you use them repetitively.Aims toYoull often see an abstract or introduction containing the words This paper aims to … or This study aims to …. In most cases, it is unnece ssary and repetitive, and could be replaced with a verb that will usually follow aims to anyway. For example, instead of writing This paper aims to evaluate the longitudinal research related to XYZ, you could skip aims to and write, This paper evaluates the longitudinal research related to XYZ.Other potential replacements are:This paper/study/research…analyzesadvances (the work of/the idea that)assesseschallengesconsidersconveysdiscussesdisputesdissectsestablishesexploresevaluateshighlightsidentifiesillustratesintroducesinvestigatesoffersoutlinesproffersprovesrevealsscrutinizesstrengthens (the position that)supportsunveilsMuch/little is known aboutThis common phrase in academic writing is another example of repetitive wording that can be replaced with more powerful verbs. Instead of noting that much is known about [x, y and z], eliminate the passive be verb and replace it with an active one.Here are some good alternatives:Academic research has explored [x, y and z] extensively.Mul tiple researchers have posited that [x, y, and z] are…Previous studies have shown that…Numerous researchers have found that [x, y, and z]…Few studies have been conducted on [x, y and z].Current literature on [x, y, and z] does not explore how…However, prior studies have failed to consider [x, y, and z].The data suggests/These findings suggestWhen detailing information that is gathered from research, these expressions are often used and can become repetitive.Here are some good alternatives:We can extrapolate from the data that….These findings show evidence that…We can surmise from these findings that…The findings suggest is an example of an overused phrase in academic writing. Photo by José Alejandro Cuffia on Unsplash.Verbs based on purpose of useDr. Elaine Khoo, from The Writing Centre at the University of Toronto at Scarborough, offers the following suggestions for academic verbs to use based on the intent of your sentence.Showing change or differenceIncrease:broade nenlargeexceedexpandgenerateimprovemaximizeoptimizeDecrease:declinedeteriorateerodeminimizenarrowreduceworsenDifference or varying:altercontrastconvertdeviatedifferdifferentiatedistinguishdivergeevolvemodifyrevisetransformShowing stabilitymaintainsustainShowing keeping within a certain range/ keeping under a certain levelconfineinhibitprohibitrestrictShowing in-depth studyanalyzeexamineinvestigateobservesurveyStating, restating or reemphasizing ideas conceptsStating:acknowledgeargueattributecommentproposeestablishidentifymentionnoteobservestateRestating:elaborateexpandEmphasizing:emphasizestressDescribing phenomenon or dataDescribing phenomena:acquiredefineimpactsignifysymbolizeDescribing data:approximatedemonstrateindicatelevels offreflectStating positionPositive:advocatehold the view thathypothesizeproposeNegative/contradict:denydisputenegaterejectShowing uncertainty or an extrapolation of informationUncertainty:predictspeculateExtrapolation of information:deduceimplyinferproject Showing componentscompriseconsistconstituteincorporate

“Postpartum Depression Affects 10% To 20% Of Women After

â€Å"Postpartum depression affects 10% to 20% of women after delivery, regardless of maternal age, race, parity, socioeconomic status, or level of education†.( Consise) Postpartum depression is a major depression episode that occurs after childbirth affecting not only the mother but also the child and family members. After the delivery of the placenta extending for about six weeks this is considered as as the postpartum period. This a critical period for the mother and new born physiological and psychological because the woman’s body is returning to a non-pregnant state in which hormones, sleep parttters, emotions and relationship are changing. Therefore, up to 80% of mothers experience the baby blues during the first week in which†¦show more content†¦Some of the symptoms are feeling sad, anxious, irritable, tired, tearfulness, lack of energy, change in appetite and either weight gain or lost. In some cases these symptoms go unrecognized by women themselves because the pain they go through labor and the emotions to receive their baby. This lead mother to lets think that once they bond with their newborn and their body goes back to normal, they will gain their energy back again. However if the early onset of postpartum depression is not screen, given any support, or treatment to the mother, the mother is at a greater risk for the late onset of depression. The late onset of postpartum depression is a most severe case that lead to impaired the maternal function and can be life- threatening. The symptoms begin to peak at 2 to 6 months after the delivery which involve feeling of sadness, depression, lack of energy, chronic fatigue, inability to sleep and difficult caring for the baby. Many of the mother’s will delay treatment or seek for some counseling because they are afraid that they will be judge as a bad mother for not being able to take care of the baby. â€Å"As many as 14.5% of postpartum women may experience a new episo de within 3 months after delievery†( Conside). Is important to be aware of the symptoms to be able to identify them and provide treatment. In most cases the women may present with mild symptoms but 10 to 15 % willShow MoreRelatedPostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract After delivering a baby, some women experience symptoms of postpartum depression. There are three levels of postpartum depression: baby blues, postpartum depression, and psychosis. Symptoms include feelings of sadness, anxiety, hopelessness, fatigue, and a lack of motivation to do pleasurable things. For women with the second level, the disorder interferes with their ability to function. On the extreme end, psychosis, women experience confusion, hallucinations, paranoia, and thoughts ofRead MorePathophysiology And Effects Of Postpartum Depression1528 Words   |  7 PagesRhetoric Professor Jaffe The Pathophysiology Effects of Postpartum Depression After childbirth, around 85% of women experience some sort of mood change. For most, the symptoms, following childbirth are minor and brief, otherwise known as the baby blues. Though, 10 to 15% of a woman’s baby blues manifests and develops into postpartum depression and in extreme circumstances, psychosis (Zonana, J., Gorman, J., 2005). Postpartum depression is a multifaceted phenomenon with various components. ThisRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Postpartum Depression918 Words   |  4 PagesSleep deprivation and postpartum depression are different diagnoses, however, they have similar symptoms and one can often cause onset of the other. The most typical occurrence that we see happening is sleep deprivation due to postpartum depression. The following paper will discuss the diagnoses and symptoms of both sleep deprivation and postpartum depression, as well as explain how postpartum depression can cause the onset of sleep deprivation, and vise versa. Postpartum depression is the most commonRead MorePostpartum Depression And Parent Child Relationships1406 Words   |  6 PagesProposal: Postpartum Depression and Parent Child Relationships Adriana Tatoyan University of San Francisco May 11, 2016 Introduction Postpartum Depression Depression is a major public health problem that is twice as common in women as men during the childbearing years. Postpartum depression is defined as an episode of non-psychotic depression according to standardized diagnostic criteria with onset within 1 year of childbirth (Stewart D., et. al, 2003, p. 4). For women aged 15Read MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms1134 Words   |  5 Pages Postpartum Depression Vanda Mallo Keiser University Postpartum Depression The birth of a baby can generate powerful emotions, from excitement and joy to fear and anxiety. But it can also result in something unexpected, depression. Postpartum depression affects approximately 10-15% of women and impairs mother-infant interactions that in turn are important for child development. Postpartum depression is sometimes mistaken for baby blues, but the signs and symptoms are more intenseRead MorePostpartum Depression And Postpartum Psychosis1135 Words   |  5 PagesPostpartum Depression vs Postpartum Psychosis 1. Postpartum Depression vs Postpartum Psychosis 2. Faith Williams 3. Comp 1 4. Abstract Ongoing sleep deprivation, the intense experience of birth, radical role shifts, and hormonal fluctuations all collide to produce mood swings, irritability, and feelings of being overwhelmed in the majority of mothers. While as many as 80% experience some form of the â€Å"baby blues,† a smaller percentage experience Postpartum Depression, with even fewer momsRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatments Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesDepression Postpartum in United States According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, depression is â€Å"a psychoneurotic or psychotic disorder marked especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies.† According to the definition of the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), postpartum depressionRead MoreChildhood Illness : A Look At Postpartum Depression1538 Words   |  7 PagesMaternal Mental illness: A look at Postpartum Depression, its new inclusion into DSM-5, and treatment issues Antonella Uribe John Jay College of Criminal Justice INTRODUCTION Sandra was a 26 year old mother of four children who had been married for eight years. She had given birth to her fourth child two months ago, with the help of a midwife. Due to her husband’s recent pay cut, and already difficult financial situation, Sandra did not receive any antenatal or postnatalRead MoreThe Nurse At Rush Hospital Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesObstetric Nurses (OBN) are nurses that assist doctors and midwives to provide care for pregnant women before, during, and after delivery. Both C-section and vaginal delivery will cause a certain degree of trauma to patients like bleeding, pain, and emergency situations. For patients, it is situations of psychological stress and adaptation process. According to the nurse at Rush Hospital, â€Å"The purpose of psychological care is to identify the main source of stress and help them to obtain a smooth adaptation†Read MoreEssay about CJA 314 biological criminal behavior1492 Words   |  6 Pagesbattled with pos tpartum depression for years and on June 20, 2001, she drowned all five children in the bathtub of her home. Ultimately the underlining cause of her actions was caused by postpartum psychosis that was triggered by Andrea’s improper use of her medication, failure to adhere to her doctor’s advice after treatment, and her lack of knowledge of coping techniques commonly used by women who suffer from postpartum depression. Postpartum depression can take up to a year after the birth of

The Cold War During World War II Essay - 2497 Words

The Cold War was one of the most fear-inducing situations in American history. Post World War II, the superpowers of the world, namely the United States and the U.S.S.R, struggled to settle issues that arose from initiatives and responses after the war. These created the climate of tension and distrust between the two nations (Sibley 1). The United States held tightly to its liberal-capitalist beliefs while the Soviets â€Å"†¦professed fervent belief,† in their Marxist-Leninist ideology (Sibley 1). Many events led to the tension between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. First, the Soviets grew to distrust the Americans because, during World War II, the U.S. waited a long time to open a second front and relieve the Russians of the German attack. Then, during the Yalta Conference of 1945, it was agreed that Poland would be led by both democratic and communist powers until a democratic election could take place, but Communists took over soon after that and controlled Poland for the next four decades. This left the U.S. State Department feeling betrayed by the Soviets. The Soviets, in turn, felt betrayed by the United States after they were pushed out of Japan with the dropping of the Atomic Bomb. After that, a U.S. representative to the UN Atomic Energy Commission proposed that all atomic weapons materials be placed under international control and to destroy weapons that already existed (Sibley 7). Russia did not like this plan because it allowed the United States to hold onto its completeSho w MoreRelatedThe Cold War During World War II930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was political hostility between the United States of America and the Soviet Union through threats, propaganda and series of warfare incidents that made these superpowers of the time suspicious of one another. With the sources of the reader I will explain who’s to be at fault for the Cold war, the United States or the Soviet Union. The term â€Å"Cold War† according to Heonik Kwon in his document origins of the Cold War â€Å"†¦ refers to the prevailing condition of the world in the second halfRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was not a military conflict, but was an ongoing political conflict involving both military and economic competition between two superpowers advancing rapidly wanting to be number one. The evolvement of the Cold War began during and after World War I, although the official beginning of the Cold War was in 19 45, at the Yalta Conference after World War II. There were many causes of the Cold War, but can be summed up as a battle between capitalism and communism. Also, along with PresidentRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was the name given to the non-aggressive conflict between The United States and Russia that began after World War II. However, there is disagreement over the exact dates of the Cold War. Nevertheless, it took place somewhere between the end of World War II and the early 1989 (Wendt n.d). The Cold War brought about a number of crises in the decades that it lasted. These crises include: Vietnam, the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War itself was the result of the UnitedRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II854 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a major event in the U.S. and Soviet Union’s history. The main reason that these two countries entered into the Cold War after World War II was p ower. The USSR and United States had two very different perspectives on power coming out of World War II. This disagreement ultimately caused the Cold War. Russia’s perspective after World War II was influenced by Joseph Stalin. Stalin, the leader of the USSR at the time, was a merciless dictator. His main concern was maintaining power andRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1397 Words   |  6 PagesWar is the result of hate and brutality that can affect people in a negative way. The Cold War relates to the war in the Butter Battle book as it demonstrates hate, which should not be taught to kids in children s books. Conflict and competition can lead to war. The Cold War was a 45 year long rivalry between the Western powers, led by the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States formed a military base to protect them from other threats such as the Soviets. The expansion of the SovietRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhen World War II ended, the last thing the countries imagined was another worldwide conflict. But that’s exactly was soon ensued when the Cold War erupted between the Eastern powers and the Western powers. The Eastern powers consisted of the Soviet Union and the Western powers consisted of America, Britain and France. During World War II, these allies had a common ground to work together in effort to fight against Hitler and the Nazi Party. The Cold War wasn’t an actual war where battles were fought;Read MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a clash of culture, ideologies, and a standoff between the world s two greatest nuclear powers. The argument of the American side was based around Capitalism and a hunger for ever growing business while the Soviet Union’s was structured around Communism and it’s powerful theocracy that stated it must be spread to every country on the planet. As a result, there has been much debate about whether the U.S. initiated the Cold War through their usage of the atomic bomb in World War IIRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1760 Words   |  8 PagesEssay One During World War II the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, but by 1950, their relationship had disintegrated and the two nations were engaged in a â€Å"Cold War.† The â€Å"Cold War† occurred due to efforts by both nations after the war to maintain influence in regions like Eastern Europe for the Soviets and Turkey and Greece for the United States, but the â€Å"Cold War† wasn’t limited to these disputes. The â€Å"Cold War† was influenced by many factors on the United States side including theRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period of 44 years of both military and political tension after World War II. There were many ideals and events that lead to the Cold War. Nationalism, poor economic conditions, and a strong desire for democracy and human rights are the primary reasons that many believe the Cold War started. However, these are just a few of the reasons for the Cold War. Events s uch as the Yalta Conference, Truman Doctrine, Potsdam Conference, and the Marshall Plan also greatly influenced the startRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II2261 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cold War was a period of rivalry short of armed confrontation. Tensions oscillated between former allies of the World War II, Russia and America, leading to the infamous cold war. It is rather difficult to determine the starting point of the Cold War because the East-West relationship had been deteriorating since a long time due to their conflicting ideologies and aspirations. However, the circumstances required for them to form an alliance in World War II, but this friendship was short lived

Literature Review on Domestic Violence Free Essays

string(85) " find any increase in the violent husbands compared to that of non-violent husbands\." What Makes a Person Violent: Literature Review Since the beginning of the human race, domestic violence has been present. However, it was not until recent centuries that people began to look at it as a crime. To many people, in many cultures, domestic violence was seen as not only acceptable, but necessary in some situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review on Domestic Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a study conducted by Hines and Saudino (2002), domestic violence in close, intimate relationships is a country wide problem within the United States. The last nationally conducted survey found that an estimated 16 percent of married Americans experienced domestic violence within the previous year. That means that approximately 8. 7 million couples have been affected by domestic violence (Hines, Saudino 2002). Information also indicated that out of the couples that experienced domestic violence, 3. 4 million received severe injury. However, this is a problem that reaches far beyond our shores. This is a crisis that has plagued nations all around the world. Among various studies, the majority of research focuses on the social learning theory, physiological factors, and alcohol on a person’s likelihood of becoming an offender of domestic violence. Social Learning Theory In recent years, studies involving domestic violence have placed the spot light on the power of being socially learned in violent behaviors. Within the criminal justice field, the domestic violence theory suggest that abuse is a behavior that is taught and picked up from learned experiences within the persons family or society in which they were, or are surrounded (Kernsmith 2006). The study of Intergenerational transmission has become one of the most popular theories to domestic violence (Corvo 2006). In a study done by Kernsmith (2006), a written survey was given to only English-speaking people, that were patients in prevention programs throughout Los Angelo’s County , California. Amongst the fifteen centers chosen to participate, 52. 6 percent of those who responded were men and 47. 4 percent of those who responded were women. The study considered different variables including whether or not the participant had ever witnessed or been a victim of domestic violence. The results found that about 74 percent f the participants had witnessed some form of domestic violence as a child. Of those, 70 percent said that they witnessed emotional abuse and 61 percent witnessed physical abuse. In addition to witnessing violence, 68 percent of the participants admitted to being victims of child abuse themselves. Of those, 64 percent reported emotional violence and 53 percent reported physical violence. Domestic violence within previous relationships was also prevalent; around 60 percent reported being victimized by a previous partner. According to the findings in Kernsmith’s (2006) experiment, a high number of the participants that were examined learned their abusive demeanor through previous experience within families of domestic violence. This study also found fewer that 3 percent of the participants admitted to never being exposed to domestic violence, including that of emotional or physical childhood abuse. These same participants said that they had never witnessed any form of sexual violence or domestic violence within their family of origin. This study found that the impact of assault of any form as a child has a huge impact on an individual as an adult. A journal article by Hines and Saudino (2002) says that within a lifetime, on average, fifty percent of all male and female Americans will be victims of aggression from their intimate partner. They proclaim that the most popular explanation for the conveyance of domestic violence must be awarded to the social learning theory. One of the most accurate theories as to why people choose to be violent in their adult years is due to their exposure to violence as a child (Hines, Saudino 2002). Hines and Saudino (2002) also mention that in the earliest studies performed to measure violence, children who were punished through the means of physical abuse were significantly more likely to continue that behavior into their own families. Weldon and Gilchrist (2012) interviewed six male perpetrators serving prison sentences in Scotland. They asked the offenders general questions about their thoughts and feelings in regards to violence. They also included questions about each offenders past and childhood experiences. The most common answer given by the perpetrators was that violence was normal to them (Weldon and Gilchrist 2012). It was something that they were used to and had seen many times. These findings however, did not only apply to intimate relationships, but rather to life in general. They exhibited violent behaviors throughout their life. Overall, studies that focus on the power of the social learning theory, have found that there is a strong correlation between witnessing or being victim to abuse in childhood, and being violent towards your intimate partner in adulthood. Physiological Factors Research on domestic violence has focused on several areas which are believed to play a role in explaining abusive behavior. The first area discussed is a predisposition to increased heart response to slight agitation. Lavinia et. al. (2010) describes a study that calculated physiology factors on a person’s predisposition to aggression in intimate relationships. The study looked at physiological reactivity, which is defined as changes to a person’s body brought about by a stimulus. The study found that individuals that are antisocial and violent are more likely to be predisposed to being abusive to their partner. To prove their findings, they found abusive males to interview. The males had to be seriously violent ranging from shoving to weapons. They also must have been abusive six or more times to be included in the study. They also found an equal amount of non-violent partner’s to interview as well. The experiment involved the participation of not only the males, but the participant’s partner as well. They experiment had the couple talk about two things in which typically provoked discourse. While the conversation was in progress, the researchers measured the both party’s heart rate, pulse transmission to finger, and the amplitude of finger pulse. However, the study did not find any increase in the violent husbands compared to that of non-violent husbands. You read "Literature Review on Domestic Violence" in category "Literature" Nevertheless, the wives of the violent partner exhibited an increase in finger pulse amplitude and finger pulse transit time than that of the non-violent partners. The study suggested that, due to the increase in pulse, wives of abusive husbands experience heightened feelings of rage, sadness, worry and fear (Lavinia et. l. 2010). This study shows that research does not support that abusive partner’s experience heightened cardiovascular response to discourse compared to that of non-violent partner. In a different study, Shorey et al. (2011) discusses how much genetically predisposition to trait anger plays a role in female aggressi on towards their male partner. In the context of this study, trait anger is defined as the genetic predisposition to respond in anger when placed in situations involving large amounts of stress. The study found that there was indeed a correlation between women that suffered from trait anger and those that were prone to express violence towards their partner. The individuals were asked to give their information such as age, salary, ethnicity, whether or not they were married, and the length of time that they have been in their current relationship. The same participants were then given a test called State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) (Shorey et al. 2011). This was used to review the participant’s trait anger. The women were asked questions about themselves in order to see if they usually feel angry. The questions were answered on a scale from one to four in (one being not at all, and four being very often). The test was proven to be accurate. When examining the results, the researchers found that 58 percent of the women struggle with trait anger. This proves that Shorey’s et al. (2011) prediction about the direct correlation with inherited trait anger to physical and psychological abuse was accurate. This study (Shorey 2011) serves to prove that our genetics and physiological response are involved in how we act. Some people are more prone to violence due to inherited anger. This makes it much more difficult for them to control their inclination to be violent towards the ones they love. This does not make committing crimes by any means acceptable, however it does give law enforcement something to consider when dealing with cases involving domestic violence. Each of these two studies considering the physiological ramifications on behavior have shown that there is more to the criminal than just deviance. For some, it is a part of their born instinct. Alcohol In the criminal justice field, it is universally known that alcohol tends to be a factor in most of the crimes that people commit. McKinney et al. (2012) mentions that there has been a consistent link between the alcohol outlet and domestic violence. One of the largest reasons for intimate partner violence is the abundance of alcohol consumption (McKinney et al. 2012). Testa and colleagues (2011) say that men who drink heavily are at a much higher risk factor to be abusive towards their intimate partner. They say that just one partner using alcohol can significantly increase the likelihood of domestic violence. In a study (Livingston 2010) preformed in Australia, researchers found that 25 percent to 50 percent of all domestic violence cases involved the use of alcohol. This study that suggests that limiting the availability of alcohol would then reduce the amount of domestic violence. This particular experiment incorporates a longitudinal relationship among domestic violence and the amount of alcohol that is available within specific neighborhoods. The study used 186 different postal codes from around Melbourne, Australia. This sample represented around 85 percent of all of the Melbourne population. They examined the alcohol sales from each of those postal codes to see if there was a positive correlation between increased sale of alcohol and an increase in domestic violence. Livingston (2010) collected the data involving domestic violence from the Victorian Police Services. The raw data was taken from the Law Enforcement Assistance Program (LEAP). All of the data is in regards to family incidents between the years 1996-2005. One factor that must remain under the spotlight is that not all cases of domestic violence were reported or responded to by the police. They performed a cross-sectional longitudinal study. The results found that there was a small, yet highly significant positive correlation between the increased sale of alcohol and an increase in domestic violence. Waller and her colleagues (2012) preformed a study that focused on effects of alcohol sales and the rate of domestic violence within a large demographic areas. This study included people involved in an intimate relationship, but not necessarily married. They hypothesized that alcohol use would be directly and indirectly correlated with domestic violence within intimate relationships. The study (Waller et al. 2012) took students from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health which was preformed originally in 2001 to 2002. The sample consisted on 52 middle schools and 80 high schools. They used ordered sampling methods for selection. The study tried to get responses from all students that were originally in Wave III, however the response rate was only around 77. 4 percent. They were administered questions via laptops. The study included questions about how often they felt threatened, hit, injured, etc. n the past year by their partner. Once that information was obtained from the participants, the researchers collected the data of alcohol outlets in those individual’s neighborhoods. They also measured the participant’s consumption of alcohol within that previous year. However, after collecting the data, the researchers found no bivariate relationship between the use of alcohol and the likelihood of domestic violence. Although the re are many statistics that claim that alcohol affects the like hood of intimate partner violence, we have seen that may not always be the case. Over all, research shows that alcohol consumption increases one’s risk of domestic violence, but as seen in the study conducted by Waller and her colleagues, not all studies come up with that same conclusion. References Corvo, K. (2006). Violence, separation, and loss in the families of origin of domestically violent men. Journal of Family Violence, 21(2), 117-125. doi: 10. 1007/s10896-005-9011-1 Hines, D. , Saudino, K. (2002). Intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence: A behavioral genetic perspective. Trauma, Violence, Abuse, 3, 210-225. doi: 10. 177/15248380020033004 Kernsmith, P. (2006). Gender differences in the impact of family of origin violence on perpetrators of domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 21(2), 163-171. doi: 10. 1007/s10896-005-9014-y Lavinia, P. , Sullivan, E. , Rosenbaum, A. , Wyyngarden, N. , Umhau, J. , Miller, M. , Taft, C. (2010). Biological correlates of intimate partner violence perpetration. Aggression and Violent Beh avior, 15(5), 387-398. Livingston, M. (2011). A longitudinal analysis of alcohol outlet density and domestic violence. Addiction Research Report, 106, 919-925. oi: 10. 1111/j. 1360-0443. 2010. 03333. x McKinney, C. , Chartier, K. , Caetano, R. , Harris, T. (2012). Alcohol availability and neighborhood poverty and their relationship to binge drinking and related problems among drinkers in committed relationships. Journal on Interpersonal Violence, 27(13), 2703-2727. doi: 10. 1177/0886260512436396 Shorey, R. , Brasfield, H. , Jeniimarie, F. Stuart, G. (2011). The association between impulsivity, trait anger, and the perpetration of intimate partner and general violence among women arrested for domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(13), 2681-2697. doi: : 10. 1177/0886260510388289 Waller, M. , Iritani, B. , Christ, S. , Clark, H. , Moracco, K. , Halpern, C. , Flewelling, R. (2011). Relationships among alcohol outlet density, alcohol use, and intimate partner violence victimization among young women in the united states. Journal of Interpersoanl Violence, 27(10), 2062-2086. doi: 10. 1177/0886260511431435 Weldon, S. , Gilchrist, E. (2012). Implicit theories on intimate partner violence offenders. J Fam Viol, published online. doi: 10. 1007/s10896-005-9014-y How to cite Literature Review on Domestic Violence, Essays

Othello a Tragic Hero free essay sample

Shakespeare develops the characters into fully realized human beings, with their own names, personalities, and ways of looking at the world. Othello is the protagonist of the play. He is a combination of greatness and weakness, in his own words an honourable murderer. He is a general in the Venetian defense forces. Although he is a foreigner from Africa, he has been promoted this position by excellence in the field of war. He has courage, intelligence, the skill of command, and the respect of his troops. But Othello’s characteristics lead him to demonstrate his hamartia. There are Othello’s three tragic flaws that cause his downfall. The first and most important one is his green-eyed monster, jealousy. Second is his insecurities. And the last one is his poor judgement. Othello trusts the wrong person and mistrusts those who are most loyal to him. Shakespeare uses Othello’s three characteristics to be the causes that lead Othello to make his life fall apart and end up as a tragic hero. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello a Tragic Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the play Othello, many of the characters have jealousy which is causing them to commit acts outside of their normal personalities. Iago, Emilia, Bianca, Roderigo and Othello all display jealousy throughout the play, though each finds resolution in a different way. Othellos jealousy against Desdemona is the strongest emotion in the play. The jealousy he experiences turns him insane with anger, and he loses all ability to see reasons. The first instance that instills doubt in Othellos mind is Brabantios warning that one day Desdemona will deceive him just like she does to her father. This doubt allows Iago to use Othellos jealousy, and plan to take advantage of Othello. Iago gradually leaks his poison into Othello and soon has the result he desires. Othello is overcome with jealousy. Othello continuously denies his jealousy, but it is apparent that he is losing his mind with the thought of Desdemonas adultery. Soon after, with Iagos help Othello believes to see undeniable proof that Desdemona is unfaithful with the loss of the handkerchief. Othellos jealousy soon turns to rage as he struggles to cope. He accuses Desdemona of infidelity. Though Desdemona denies it, Othello is not convinced. Othello believes he has no other way to resolve his doubt than to murder Desdemona. After Desdemonas death, the truth is uncovered, and Othello chooses to commit suicide. Because Othello’s jealousy easily makes him feel violated and betrayed. The feeling of betrayal by Desdemona who he trusts is one of the most hurtful emotions Othello can feel. His jealousy turns into anger and he ends up killing himself and Desdemona. Jealousy is the major reason that causes Othello to become a tragic hero. Another cause that leads Othello to be a downfall on hero is his insecurity. Othello is an outsider who is intelligent and confident in military matters but socially insecure. He leads an intense life, swinging between triumph and dread. Othello is different from those around him, due to his origins and his life history, but he shares their religion, values, and nationalism to Venice. More importantly, Othello is visibly different due to the color of his skin, so he lives constantly among, but separated from, other people. Whenever they look at his black face, however brilliant a general he is, he knows the others are thinking that he is not really one of them. Shakespeare presents this fact in the dialogue and also in the staging of the play. Othello is referred to as The Moor a representative African, while others go by their personal names and are seen as independent individuals. When other characters call him black, they refer to his face but also to the concept of races. White is honor, black is wickedness; white is innocence, black is guilt. Thus, throughout the play Othello feels insecure. And he realizes the reason why Desdemona loves him because of his power and position as a general not because of his skin color and who he really is. Othello’s social insecurity leads him to easily trust Iago on Desdemona’s infidelity and turn himself to be in a downfall. The last characteristics that makes Othello to be a tragic hero in the play is his poor judgement. Othello’s misjudgment towards trusting the characters who betray him, and mistrusting the loyal and faithful characters who obey him, play the major role in his downfall. Throughout the play Shakespeare creates Iago as being a deceiving liar, but to Othello, Iago is nothing except an honest man. Othello’s naive mind leads him to believe that Iago is an honest man, which result in a deadly mistake. Othello also puts all his trust in Iago. Othello places his marriage with Desdemona in great despair. Othello accuses Desdemona of giving the handkerchief to Cassio. Desdemona denies to him that she has not given Cassio anything. As Desdemona is lying on her bed, she pleads to Othello her innocence, and swearing that she has never told a lie to him, Othello refuses to believe anything Desdemona is confessing to him. Only if Othello kept waiting longer to see more ocular evidences, he would have known the truth that Desdemona and Cassio are loyal and faithful people in his life and he would not have ended up as a tragic hero. Othello is a play of a tragic hero. Othello’s three main characteristics which cause him a downfall. Firstly, Othellos tragic flaw would most likely be his jealousy. This is brought on by simple persuasion by Iago. Even though Iago used extreme manipulation to get Othello to be jealous, Iago does not really have to try very hard to get Othello in a jealous state of mind. Othello is blinded by his jealousy which lead him down a path of questioning of his wife, Desdemona and his officer, Cassio. Throughout the play we see Othello sink deeper and deeper into a cloud of doubt which eventually leads him to kill not only his wife but also himself. Moreover, there are his insecurities. Othellos insecurities are so close to the surface that a few words of hint from Iago can tear the confident exterior and expose his fears, desires, and tendency to violence. Lastly is his poor judgement that leads him to believe in what Iago tells him about Desdemona’s affair. Othello has no alternative way of thinking to find more proofs to ensure what he already knows from Iago is true or not. In Othello, the protagonist’s downfall is caused by his own actions.

How to engage your team with better writing - Emphasis

How to engage your team with better writing How to engage your team with better writing If youve ever put off DIY, youll know that a dripping tap or peeling skirting board eventually just becomes one of lifes tolerations. If you put off the task long enough, it gets pushed to the dusty recesses of your mind. But it still chips away at your contentment, leaving you feeling uninspired and slightly uncomfortable in your own home. Our relationship with work is often the same. Unless issues are nipped in the bud, small upsets can lead to apathy. For instance, it can be disconcerting if your firm introduces a debt-collection method that goes against your current client-centred approach. And if this new approach subsequently harms the relationships youve already built with a client, its likely that youll feel conflicted between your roles. You might start to dread dealing with clients you previously enjoyed working with. Your relationships with colleagues can also become strained. If there are no structures in place to fix the issue, it will be hard for you to feel motivated and passionate about your job. After a while, you may begin to accept the new status quo. But youre not as productive because the environment doesnt allow you to perform to your highest ability. These types of work worries are common. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) has drawn together academic studies on employee engagement. One study of a cross-section of UK workers from various industries showed that only 35 per cent of people feel they are engaged in their work. Other studies suggest that 22 per cent of workers (6.4 million people) feel discontented and unproductive. Yet the solutions to workplace disgruntlement can be surprisingly simple. Research sponsored by the O.C. Tanner Company found that saying thank you to staff increases engagement by 20-30 per cent. And with such large results from a simple statement, its clear that communication is a powerful weapon in feeling productive and inspired at work. Engagement isnt something that can be demanded from someone, nor can it be part of a job description. Its the willingness to do that little bit extra, simply because you care, or because you feel that it will be appreciated. Its vital that your organisation creates an entrepreneurial-style culture, where employees have the drive and ambition to succeed. So, whether or not youre not part of the senior management team, you need to drive initiatives that enable managers to directly listen to employee views. And by communicating clearly you can help to set clear management objectives. Tools for engagement The first step to engagement is finding ways for you and your colleagues to share your views. Hopefully, your firm will have an internal newsletter or intranet site that welcomes contributions from employees. Reports are also great tools for communicating your thoughts and ideas. This can help you to hone your recommendations so that your internal documents are clear and concise. Taking the write steps The following tips will help you to create a high-impact writing style so that you can express your ideas and recommendations clearly. Engage your reader Before you touch your computer keyboard, spend a few minutes focusing on your reader. Dont assume, for example, that everyone in your organisation will understand detailed aspects of the human resources process. Ask yourself the following questions: What is the document about? Who will read it? How much do they already know about the subject? What do they absolutely need to know? How important is the subject to them? How interested are they in the subject? Focus on your main message Whether youre writing a short newsletter article or a lengthy report, make sure youre crystal clear on what you really want to say. Take a pencil and a piece of paper and create a spidergram of all your ideas. Keep writing until youve exhausted every possibility. Then group together the ideas that have elements in common. Next, decide what you think is most important. This idea needs to come right at the top of your document. Then you present the other points in order of importance, making sure to leave out any unessential points. Apply this same technique when youre writing the executive summary of a report. Managers have competing priorities and many other documents to read. So if your summary isnt compelling they may decide just to skim read the rest of the report. This could mean that the gems in your report are lost. Remember, your task is to create a more engaging working environment. Youve got to connect with your reader first. Create powerful sentences Using verbs instead of nouns makes your sentences more powerful. Consider the sentence, I expect the software to create a 15 per cent increase in productivity. It is much more powerful than, My expectation is that there will be a creation in productivity of 15 per cent when using the software. Using the verbs expect and create over the nouns expectation and creation makes the sentence punchier. And try to limit the length of your sentences to 20 words. This makes them easier to read. (You could shorten this example still further to: I expect the software to increase productivity by 15 per cent.) Use headings, subheadings and bullet points Break up your documents into digestible chunks and keep your paragraphs short. Use subheads and make sure that they highlight your main points. If your reader only reads the subheads they should still be left with the gist of your document. Bullet points are another great tool for making your documents readable. They help to grab attention; reduce word count and help your readers to scan for the important information. Be persuasive Speaking directly to your readers can help them to take action. So dont be afraid to use the words I, you, we and us. Similarly, always opt for the active voice over the passive voice. For example, write, We hold employee forums every Wednesday, instead of Employee forums will be held every Wednesday. The first sentence has more movement and life its also more likely to make someone want to attend a forum. Avoid management speak Aim to make your writing as plain and simple as possible; dont fall into the trap of using management speak. Terms such as raising the bar and low hanging fruit are best left to David Brent from The Office. Your writing will have far more impact if you use simple terms to express your ideas. Create a call to action Know what action you want your reader to take, and then ask them to take it. If appropriate, you could even offer an incentive. (Email us at info@company.com with all your great ideas for improving internal communication. The best ideas will win a 50 MS gift voucher.) This may be a step too far, but at least make sure that theres something in it for the reader. Always keep your readers needs in mind when writing your call to action. Use a fine tooth comb Once youve completed your document, print out a copy and proofread it slowly by stopping a pencil at every word. Look out for typos and spelling mistakes, but also see where you can prune out unnecessary words. For example, terms such as pre-prepare and forward planning contain redundant words. All planning goes forward and preparation is preparation: you cant pre-prepare. Dont be afraid to delete whole sentences if they dont add much to the document, or repeat something that was said earlier. Email made easy Most of us have fired off an email in haste and regretted it at leisure. Hopefully, you didnt do so at work. But if you did, its a lesson that email and emotion dont mix. If youre feeling particularly fired up about a particular workplace issue, by all means type it out on an email. But dont even consider typing in an address or pressing the send button until youve had time to reflect. The rule of thumb is that if you wouldnt want it broadcast on the 10 o clock news, dont send it on an email. The SCRAP formula below will help you to write emails that grab your readers attention for all the right reasons. Situation Begin by explaining the situation (where you or your department are now). Complication Introduce the idea that theres a problem (why you or your department cant stay where you are). Resolution State your resolution to the problem. The reader will perceive you as an expert because you have a ready-made way of fixing things. Action Suggest what action the reader can or should take. Offer a viewpoint that is new and intriguing. Politeness Finally, end with a polite, but thought provoking sign-off. When it comes to email, usually the fewer people you put in the carbon copy box, the better. But distributing important ideas and recommendations isnt spamming. So make sure that important documents are forwarded to the wider organisation. Whether you want to highlight a brand new piece of bookkeeping software or demonstrate an innovative approach to credit control, its important to look beyond your administrative role. So, investigate areas of your work where you can make real improvements. Remember, if a workforce isnt engaged, its likely that the staff turnover will be high. But even if you see colleagues becoming disenchanted and leaving, that doesnt mean you need to join them. The techniques youve learnt such as focusing on your reader and clarifying your main message can also be used in verbal communication and can help you stand your ground. Improving productivity isnt just about working harder. Its also about improving your knowledge so that your work has greater impact. By honing your written communication skills, you make other parts of your job easier. But whatever issues you face at work, dont let them put you off your path. When you take responsibility for driving your own career success and happiness, you set the stage for clear communication. And that ultimately helps you and your colleagues to be more engaged and productive. Robert Ashton is the Chief Executive of Emphasis. Want to write more engagingly? See our courses for individuals or our courses for groups. Alternatively, send us a message or call one of our friendly advisors on +44 (0)1273 961 810

Essay Writing Advice Structure It Up!

Essay Writing Advice Structure It Up! Essay Writing Advice: Structure It Up! If you are looking for essay writing advice, look no further. Writing an essay requires that you include the basic elements of a five paragraph essay. Even if your writing task is a bit more involved, the same elements must be included. Introduction When you are writing your introduction you want to pay attention to the exact word choice you have. This is your first and, in some cases, your last opportunity to leave a positive impression on your reader. This is not only where you talk about your subject for the first time, but where you also explain to the reader how you are going to talk about your subject. You should be putting a higher level of energy into your introductory area, totaling about 20% of your overall writing efforts. And if you do this you will be rewarded positively. Body Paragraphs The second step is a body paragraph where you need to present your 1st strongest argument or your best illustration or example. Much like the previous section of your writing assignment, the first sentence needs to have a hook which naturally transitions from the hook located at the end of the previous paragraph. The subject of this paragraph or the main idea needs to be presented in the topic sentence immediately after. You want to make sure that you relate the main idea here to your thesis statement much the same as you did in the previous section. And finally, once you have done this you need to include your transitional hook in order to help the reader move along once again to the 2nd body paragraph. The 2nd body paragraph is where your weaker argument is located and it should be followed after the transitional hook with your topic sentence. Once again the evidence and support that you present need to relate back to your thesis statement. Never assume that the reader will know what you intend to say or will be able to pick up on what you are hinting at. Instead, make sure that you state your purpose explicitly. Once this is done you need to end. With a transitional hook which signals that your final point has been made and that they will now reach the end of your document. Conclusion The conclusion is the end of your writing but it does not serve as an afterthought. The final paragraph is the final opportunity you have to restate your case and it needs to be very rigid in its format. You want to try and paradoxically think of the conclusion as the second introduction because it will contain many of its features. You want each sentence to be well-crafted and you want to make sure you have an effective concluding transition after which you restate your thesis. Remember, the best essay writing advice revolves around laying out each component of the traditional writing tasks, including introductions, body texts, and conclusions. These make up the basic structure of your work. By incorporating all of these components, you can enjoy a well put together essay.

Health care reform (Obama care) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health care reform (Obama care) - Research Paper Example The clique â€Å"Obama care† as mostly known among Americans arises from the facts that it is an idea developed and strongly advocated for by President Barrack Obama and his Democratic Party. Even though it logically appears as a social issue, Obama care has turned into a hotly contested political issue considering the strong opposition towards implementation by the Republicans. As much as the plan seems to be good for Americans, many issues have arisen especially from the opponents that are worth regarding for they have direct effects on the typical Americans. The controversies about the Health Care for American plan otherwise Obama care has seen development of fierce debate contested by the supporters mainly aligned to Democratic Party and opponents mainly aligned to Republican Party. Supporters of the plan argue that the law has good intentions for the general public as it will ensure that all individuals have access to affordable and fair cost of health care with disregard to individuals’ status. Supporters further demonstrate that the plan will ensure that every individual employee has the right to decide on the insurance company to provide cover without compulsion by the potential employer. Moreover, supporters of the plan argue that the law is so fair to an extent of restricting health care providers from manipulating costs of health care on basis of patients’ background of life status, gender or disability. Turner demonstrates that under the law, public servants, businesspersons, middle class and virtually all Americans will be able to buy certain drugs at fair prices. Additionally, the Health Care for American plan promises tax credits to small business employers who offer private health care coverage to their employees. Opponents of the Health Care for American plan also have very serious allegations worth to considering as far the Obama care debate is concerned. To begin with, business people who also employ certain segment of Am ericans cry about the heavy burden that the Obama plan will weigh on them. Businesspersons seem not to believe that the tax credits promised in the plan will help them reduce the possible expenditures they may bear once implementation of the plan gets underway (Huffman). In fact, most of the business persons who fear the impact of the law on their profits have begun to layoff sections of their employees to ensure that they only bear small burden when the plan gets into effect. The perceived layoffs have unbearable impact of leaving large number of Americans unemployed. This in turn translates to deteriorating living standards for American people. In addition, layoffs that mean reduction of employees have complimentary effect of lowering production activities of businesses since the remaining employees cannot satisfactorily perform the duties of the sacked workers. Certain divide of the opponents of the Obama Care health plan, argues that it will put unbearable and undue pressure on the middle class earners who will have to pay more taxes that will spread to cover the low income and poor Americans. Moreover, opponents of the plan demonstrate that the contained clause mandates the federal government to oversee implementation process across all states is unfair. This is because every state has its own budget and unique living standards and GDP. To ensure fairness, opponents of the

Event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Event - Essay Example The event began with a salutation from our group leader followed by a few welcoming remarks and an introduction of the speaker as well as the members present and the purpose of the events. Just from this introduction I learnt the importance having an organisation of order of doing things and pulling the attention of participants in ensuring the success of any event. The speaker of the day took up from the introductions and went straight to the main objective. He described to us his life from childhood, what he has been thorough and the candid sacrifices and steps he has had to make while eyes remained set on the object of achieving success. According to the speaker ownership is a critical factor of success be in general life, academics or entrepreneurship. He emphasised the importance of persons taking the full responsibility of their life. I learnt that everything we do must be done for a purpose and in order to succeed we must always be willing to pay the price of our dreams. Staying focussed and becoming a subject matter expert in the field of interest are two other essential elements of success. The speaker also spoke about having a game plan for attaining personal or organisational goals, never giving up and being timely as crucial elements of success. In my reflection on the event therefore I think success is largely out of personal efforts and not the support of others. Even to be supported one must put an effort in winning this support. There will always be challenges in everything we do but the secret is to stay focussed and objective. This calls an understanding our purposes and goals as well as the effects of our actions to others. Being decisive and ethical in our decisions can really help us win the support of others both in life, business and as leaders and once there is the support then people share common visions and goals of success. This I think will be

Computers :: essays research papers

COMPUTERS Could one imagine what the world would be like today without computers? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many other people to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to perform a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as: figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers have changed many aspects of life. Computers have had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before computers companies used to advertise only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet; they know that it is a major contributor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl; they could just pay a certain amount to be advertised forever on the net. People can also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not until the last few years have people noticed that a great deal of the commercials on T.V. are computer-related. These two combined have made the advertising businesses boom. Not only just on the T.V., but also on the net. Another area affected is the stock trading business. Computers have actually hurt the majority of stock brokerage firms. The reason is because computers allow it’s users to have access to the same information the actual brokers have. They can log onto the internet and go to their online firm to download information on stocks. This way they have the knowledge to trade and buy stocks for themselves without paying a certain percent to the broker. People can become a member of online firms such as: Ameritrade, DLJ Direct, SureTrade, and others. Here they can trade for a mere $8-$10 dollars. People also have responded th at they feel more comfortable when they have total control of their money ( Maney 45). A final area deals with the actual computer-related companies. Computers :: essays research papers COMPUTERS Could one imagine what the world would be like today without computers? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many other people to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to perform a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as: figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers have changed many aspects of life. Computers have had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before computers companies used to advertise only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet; they know that it is a major contributor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl; they could just pay a certain amount to be advertised forever on the net. People can also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not until the last few years have people noticed that a great deal of the commercials on T.V. are computer-related. These two combined have made the advertising businesses boom. Not only just on the T.V., but also on the net. Another area affected is the stock trading business. Computers have actually hurt the majority of stock brokerage firms. The reason is because computers allow it’s users to have access to the same information the actual brokers have. They can log onto the internet and go to their online firm to download information on stocks. This way they have the knowledge to trade and buy stocks for themselves without paying a certain percent to the broker. People can become a member of online firms such as: Ameritrade, DLJ Direct, SureTrade, and others. Here they can trade for a mere $8-$10 dollars. People also have responded th at they feel more comfortable when they have total control of their money ( Maney 45). A final area deals with the actual computer-related companies.

Effectiveness Of Anti-Smoking Advertisement Essay

Out of the total business of Tobacco in the world (i.e. $ 27 billion a year), 50% amount of the total turnover is being spent on marketing of the products (U.S. FTC _Cigarette Report_ 2007). The total deaths due to smoking were 100 million in the 20th Century. If precautions are not taken, it may go up-to one billion in the 21st Century against the present count of 5.4 million deaths as per WHO report, Feb.8 (Xinhua). The WHO report also says that governments earn as revenue more than 500 times than what these spend on non-smoking campaigns. The turnover targets of the tobacco industry also calls for anti smoking charitable organizations to prevent smoking for the freshers and take into confidence the regular smokers to quit. Different Messages should be used to impress people and these should be very much effective through a research. All these messages should reach the people through an outdoor campaigning or through radio, television or distribution of printed pamphlets. Public Relation shall also help you to contact the affected persons. Besides these, Internet contacts and meetings on the public places shall also help you to achieve the targets. 1. BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM DEFINITION Smoking is highly detrimental to health. Regular smoking can lead to serious diseases like lung cancer and chronic heart diseases. It reduces productivity of smokers and hence of organizations in which they are working which in turn hampers the economic growth of the country. The same effects are applicable on second-hand or passive smoker also. A lot of resources of any economy are diverted curing different diseases of active and passive smokers. Such resources could have been diverted towards other productive activities. The possible ways of reducing smoking and hence reducing its negative impact may be: (a) increasing the prices of cigarettes substantially by imposing huge taxes on cigarettes; (b) banning cigarettes  in public places. However, cigarette smoking is an addiction and its demand is relatively price inelastic and thus option (a) has limited scope to reduce smoking. Banning smoking in public places has also limited scope because individuals have the liberty to smoke in private without any major decrease in smoking. To compel individuals to reduce or quit smoking, an effective approach is through advertisement campaigns highlighting the ill-effects of smoking. However, advertisement campaigns will be successful in their objectives only when they are effectively designed and communicated. Since advertisement campaigns involve huge expenditure, it should give the maximum benefit in terms of large reduction in number of smokers. That is, advertisement campaigns should be cost-effective. Thus, designing an effective advertisement campaign is of prime importance for the benefit of any society or economy. This project is an attempt in this direction. This project aims to suggest what a successful anti-smoking advertisement campaign should contain? When the smoking statistics is analyzed for UK, it is observed that it is the highest amongst the persons who aged 20-34 years. Around 35% of persons (both men and women) in the age group of 20-34 years smoke. The lowest smoking rate is amongst the persons who aged 60 and above. Around 16% of the persons in the age group of 60 and above smoke. When the smoking rate amongst the adults is analyzed, it is found out that 29% of men and 25% of women amongst adults smoke. The figure does not look to an alarming when we compare the same with 1974 figures when 51% of men and 41% of women (that is nearly 50% of the adult population in UK) smoked cigarettes (UK SMOKING STATISTICS, www.nonsmokingday.org.uk). Thus, in the recent years the decline in smoking has been mostly concentrated amongst older population. More matured smokers are quitting smoking where as many youths are joining the smoking group. Smoking statistics further show that lower socio-economic group people smoke more than the people in the professional group. 39% of men and 34% of women in lower socio-economic group smoke as compared with 15% of men and 13% of women in professional group (UK SMOKING STATISTICS, www.nonsmokingday.org.uk). The smoking statistics in the age group of 11-15 years show that 6% of UK population in this age group smokes regularly in 2007. However, the regular smoking rate was 16% in 1977 in the age group of 11-15 year. Amongst the 15-year-old population, the smoking rate declined from 25% in 1982 to 20% in 2006 and further to 15% in 2007 (www.ash.org.uk). Thus to persuade the individuals further to quit smoking to increase their productivity and to apprise them about harmful effects of smoking, an effective advertisement campaign should be designed. Different advertisement campaigns should be designed to target different section of society. The segmentation should be done on the basis of age, sex and socio-economic status. Since in UK the maximum smoking rate is amongst the youth and lower socio-economic group, the maximum amount of UK anti-smoking advertisement budget should be kept for these two groups. Since the maximum smoking rate in UK is amongst the persons who aged 16 to 50 years, this project aims at describing the process for designing the effective anti smoking advertisement campaigns for the smokers who are in this age group. The variables which are very important for any advertisement campaign are: (a) content; (b) consistency; (c) clarity; and (d) reach (Sissors JT, Bumba L. _Advertising Media Planning_, 1989). Primarily the advertisement campaign should contain the harmful effects of smoking which should be targeted at different sections of the society in terms of their demographic profile. The content regarding highlighting negative impacts of smoking can be classified as below: The advertisements that highlight the adverse long-term effects of smoking in the health of smokers such as smoking causing diseases like lung cancer and other chronic heart problems. Advertisements that discuss the adverse effects in the short-run such as foul  breath and rejection while the smoker is involved in the romance. Advertisements that describe the false tactics employed by the cigarette companies to sell cigarettes which is a destructive and addictive product. The advertisement should emphasize that cigarette companies are illegally targeting minors and making false claims that cigarettes are non-addictive. Advertisements that involve role models who describe ill-effects of smoking. Advertisements that highlight the adverse effects of second hand smoke or passive smoking on children, friends and other family members. Advertisements that show smokers as the persons who have preferred unattractive and unhealthy life style. Advertisements that involve celebrities and showing that these celebrities are refusing to smoke. This project describes the approach that should be adopted while designing effective concepts of advertising to quit smoking. The approach is designed to help organizations which are involved in choosing the concepts of advertising for a campaign, the main objective of which is to motivate smokers to quit or to make an attempt to quit smoking. The approach is very appropriate for market research. The main objective of the approach is to conduct the market test for finding out the most appropriate advertisement for a particular market or target group. This may be achieved by analyzing the different advertisements which have already been developed in the past. The approach is based on the assumption that the persons who are watching these advertisements could be youth or adults, men or women, smokers or non-smokers. Different advertising campaigns should be designed for targeting different  sections of the society. The campaign which may be effective for adults, the same campaign may not be effective for youths. The project is further divided into four sections. Section 2 discusses the research objectives of the study. Section 3 explains the research methodology of the study. Section 4 provides the data analysis and empirical results while section 5 gives the recommendations 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The main objective of this research is to assess different advertisement in terms of their ability to fulfill certain objectives of advertisement campaign. This objective can be achieved only if the research analyses reactions to different advertisements. The reactions to each of the advertisements can be analyzed on the following parameters: Whether the advertisement will be noticed by the smokers (Attention) Whether the smokers will find the advertisement as relevant to them (Identification) The kind of message that will be conveyed to smokers through the advertisement (Communication) The impact that the advertisement will have on smoking (Effect). The objectives of the advertisement will determine the objectives of research on communication and effect parameters. That is, If the main objective of the campaign is to provide awareness about the harmful effects of smoking – the objective is to find the advertisements which have the maximum potential to provide awareness about the effects of smoking on health. If the objective of the campaign is to encourage smokers to stop smoking –  the objective is to find the advertisements which have the maximum potential to encourage smokers towards quitting of cigarettes. If the objective of the campaign is to enhance awareness of harmful effects of passive smoking – the objective is to determine the advertisements which have the maximum potential to increase awareness of the ill-effects of second hand smoke. If the objective of the campaign is to develop or support smoke-free policies – the objective is to find out which advertisements have the maximum capacity to enhance support these smoke-free policies. The unintended effects of advertisements amongst smokers and persons outside the target audience group should also be identified by the research. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A focus group discussion approach has been used to conduct the research. In focus group discussion method, there is an involvement of several groups of persons from the target audience. Groups are segmented in terms of their demographic profiles. Persons of the group are encouraged to fruitfully discuss different possible advertisements. Experiences, attitudes and opinions are discussed in the focus groups. Various views are exchanged and explored during the discussion. The main advantage of the context of the group is the ability of group dynamics to bring new ideas and to encourage the debate on the issue. To successfully address the research objectives, minimum four group discussions should be conducted. The complexities involved in the target audience of campaign and the segmentation of the participants determine the number of groups that should be involved while conducting the research. _SEGMENTATION:_ The first task in designing the research is to determine the target audience.  This is followed by finding out the most suitable approach that will be used to segment the target audience into different groups. The segmentation is done on the basis of demographic profile such as age and sex. The following segmentation may be used if the objective of the campaign is to motivate smokers who aged 16 to 50 years to quit smoking. To design the research project and the inclusion of the participants in different groups, the following procedure should be adopted: Different groups should include only smokers (that is those who smoke at least five cigarettes in a day). Occasional smokers should not be included. Only those smokers should be included who are thinking to quit smoking in the next one year or some other time in the future. Smokers who are resistant to change should not be included. Only those smokers who represent suitable socio-demographic profiles should be included to reflect the smoking population. That is, all smokers should be from lower socio-economic group if the target group represents lower socio-economic status. People who are involved in promotion of healthy programmes, market research or having employment in cigarette companies should not be included. To design the project and the inclusion of participants, in addition to the above, some additional criteria are also worth considering. Consideration of these additional criteria will depend upon the characteristics of the smoker population, objectives of communication of the advertisements and the specific campaign’s aims. These additional criteria might contain the followings: Whether the conduct of the research should be in different locations, such as rural or urban or semi-urban. Whether the parents who are smokers should be included. Whether non-smokers and ex-smokers should be included in the research. In each focus group discussion, normally there is a recruitment of eight to  ten smokers. Many times it is better to recruit ten persons as all the people who are recruited will not attend at the given time and one should expect that seven or eight persons will attend. The constructive discussion on the issues and fruitful interaction may be held with this number. _GROUP DISCUSSION APPROACH:_ A room or a hall should be used for conducting group discussion. The group discussion needs to be arranged in a TV room where participants can see TV each other and the faculty. The discussions should be recorded for further review and analysis; if this is not possible proper notes should be drawn after each group. The research assistant shall fill-up a form after completion of each group which will contain the group number, advertisement name and member. Participants shall introduce themselves to each other and further explanation shall be given by the in charge of the group. The participants shall be distributed a set of forms for each Ad and final page after rating of all the advertisements. Each member shall view each of the advertisements and rate the same to have an individual decision without any pressure of the group. This shall result in healthier discussions in the group for exploration in detail. The tape of the advertisement for all the ads shall be run twice and stopped and the participants make ratings thereafter. Thereafter, the in charge of the group shall ask all the participants to complete the final page of rating and collect the same. The order of displaying the ads should be charged to overcome the similarly of preferential order in which these are present. It is necessary for the organizer to record the different number and name of the ad on the top before handing over. Afterwards, he will keep the ads in the order these are shown for each group. The ads should bear a short title in the requisite space before handing over the forms. Conversation between the participants and the moderator shall be held through open discussions where participants shall have freedom to speak openly. Participants may face different questions from the moderator. Research Assistant shall keep record notes of the discussions and observations, which shall based on attention, identification and communication of the smokers and lastly the effect of the ad or the smokers. The Research staff should take notes, include quotations from participants and make concluding observations from the groups as per the themes give below: Whether the advertisement will be noticed by the smokers. Whether the smokers will find the advertisement as relevant to them. What kinds of messages will be conveyed to the smokers. Whether there will be effect of the advertisement on smoking. Whether there will be any unintended consequences of the advertisement. 4. DATA NALYSIS AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS: _RATING SHEETS:_ After the completion of all the groups, all the rating sheets should be collated and the analysis of results should begin. The percentage of persons who rightly identify the core message of the advertisement in either of the first two questions should also be calculated for each advertisement. Calculation should also be made for the percentage of persons who made definitely incorrect interpretation of the core message. This will provide the numerical scores for the themes of communication and unintended consequences. The scorer should decide in advance what is the core message of each advertisement and what will be taken as a correct core message to determine how to score responses of the people. The percentage of persons  who agree or disagree with each advertisement should be computed for each advertisement. A summary of the preferences of the people should be made by comparing these percentages for each advertisement. The percentage of persons who declared each advertisement as the most effective to quit or making an attempt to quit smoking should be computed on the final advertisement rating page. The same kind of rigorous analysis can be conducted by computing the percentage of each demographic group in terms of males and females, adults and youths etc. _GROUP DISCUSSION_ : After the completion of all the groups, the note taking form prepared by the Research Staff should be collated. The core themes and research objectives should be taken into account while analyzing results for each advertisement. The results should be analyzed in terms of the following parameters: Attention Relevance Message Effect Unintended consequences It should be ensured that from each group, all the issues and opinions have been taken into consideration. This can be achieved by taking additional notes (if required) after listening or watching the recordings of each group. One should consider only the opinions which are the most common. It is very important to judge whether an advertisement will be effective or not if only a mall number of participants express their opinions. It should be ensured by the researcher that all ranges of responses have been taken into account and not just the responses that confirm already  established findings and conclusions. When advertisements are compared and preferences are considered, it should be taken into account that the most liked advertisement of the group may not necessarily the best advertisement or anti smoking campaign. The advertisement should be effective and not necessarily liked by the participants. The advertisement which achieves the most objectives of the campaign is considered as the best advertisement. For this, advertisement needs to be noticed, to be relevant, to be able communicate the desired message and to prompt smokers to quit smoking. _COMBINED RESEARCH INFORMATION:_ To select the advertisement, which is most likely to fulfill the campaign objectives, the results obtained from the rating sheets and the discussion analysis should be combined and compared. The analysis of rating sheets will tell about comparison of the different advertisements on different important dimensions. The analysis of focus group discussion will explain about these differences. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS: While designing the effective advertisement campaign, one should take into account the target group for which the advertisement campaign has been designed. The campaign which is more effective for adults, may not necessarily effective for youths. While designing the advertisement campaign for youths, it should contain the following message themes – romantic rejection, smokers as negative role models, ill-effect of passive smoking, celebrities refusing to smoke, involvement of role models describing the ill-effects of smoking. When targeting adults, the ‘Emotional Consequences’ campaign will be more effective as it will make them think about the impact of their smoking on children, friends and other family members. In last, it is recommended that one should conduct the effects of advertisement campaign on outcome. Thus, pre and post test of any advertisement campaign should be conducted. REFERENCES: Teenage Smoking attitudes in 1996. Office for National Statistics, 1997 Goddard, E. General Household Survey 2006: Smoking and drinking among adults 2006. Office for National Statistics, 2008. Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 2007. The Information Centre for Health and Social Care, 2007 View report Bewley B.R, Day I, Ide L. Smoking by children in Great Britain. MRC Social Science Research Council, 1972. Dobbs J, Marsh A. Smoking among secondary schoolchildren. HMSO, 1982. Hamilton JL. The demand for cigarettes: advertising, thehealth scare, and the cigarette advertising ban. _Review of Economics and Statistics_ 1974;54:401-11. Lewit EM, Coate D, Grossman M. The effects of government regulation on teenage smoking. _Journal of Law and Economics_ 1981;24:545-69. Schneider L, Klein B, Murphy KM. Governmental regulation of cigarette health information. _Journal of Law and Economics_ 1981;24:575-611. Schuster CP, Powell CP. Comparison of cigarette and alcohol advertising controversies. _Journal of Advertising_ 1987; 16:26-33. Warner KE. The effects of the anti-smoking campaign on cigarette consumption. _Am J Public Health_ 1977;67:645-50. Perry CL, Kelder SH, Murray DM, _et al._ Communitywide smoking prevention: long-term outcomes of the Minnesota heart health program and the class of 1989. _Am J Public Health_ 1992;82:1210-6. Flynn B,Worden JK, Secker-Walker RH, _et al._ Prevention of cigarette smoking through mass media intervention and school programs. _Am J Public Health_ 1992;82:827-34. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7791012.stm http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/9/3/273 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_advertising http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/87/20/1538 http://www.keynote.co.uk http://old.ash.org.uk/html/factsheets/html/fact19.html http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/tobacco/messages.htm http://www.stop-smoking-updates.com/quitsmoking/smoking-and-children/causes-effects/why-youngsters-smoke.htm

Acc 491 - 1271 Words

Ch. 8: Comprehensive Questions: Analytical procedures ( 8-15 and 8-16) ï‚ · Ch. 10: Comprehensive Questions: Components of internal control (10-31 and 10-32) ï‚ · Ch. 11: Comprehensive Questions: Assessing control risk (11-21) 8-15 | (Analytical procedures) In audit planning the audit of Construction Industry Resources, Inc., a building supply company. You have completed analytic procedures relevant to purchases and inventory. The results of these procedures are included in Figure 8.13.Figure 8.13. Selected Financial Information ($000) | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | Building supply revenues | $ 90,100 | $ 99,380 | $ 117,468 | $ 137,085 | $ 160,800 | Lumber brokerage revenues | $ — | $ — | $ 45,021 | $ 63,480 | $ 90,141 |†¦show more content†¦Control activity 9. Suntron s internal audit staff periodically assesses the effectiveness of various ICS components. Monitoring 10. Policy manuals, accounting and financial reporting manuals, and a chart of accounts have been developed and implemented. Information and communication Required 11. Identify the components of internal control to which each policy or procedure relates. 12. For each item, identify one other policy or procedure for that internal control component that is not on the preceding list. * 10-32 (Components of internal control) Internal controls can be categorized using the following framework. 13. Control environment 14. Risk assessment 15. Information and communication 16. Control activities 4.1. | Authorization | 4.2. | Segregation of duties | 4.3. | Information processing controls 4.3.1. | Computer general controls | 4.3.2. | Computer application controls | 4.3.3. | Controls over the financial reporting process | | 4.4. | Physical controls | 4.5. | Performance reviews | 4.6. | Controls over management discretion in financial reporting | 17. Monitoring 18. 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